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Passato e Presente

Season 1 • Episode 59 • The Night of the Long Knives

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Passato e Presente Season 1, Episode 59: The Night of the Long Knives

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Episodes

144 episodes
1

The Defeat of the Dardanelles

Episode dedicated to the Gallipoli campaign, that took place during World War I.

40 min
2

Nicolaj II, the Last Tsar

Episode dedicated to the life and death of Nicolaj II, the last Tsar of Russia: from his initial attempts at solving the needs of the people, passing through the tragic choice to join WWI, up to his arrest and execution, together with his family, by the Bolsheviks in 1917.

40 min
3

The Trains of the Sun: Italy's Internal Migration in the 1950s

Episode dedicated to the phenomenon of Italy's internal migration, from Southern Italy to the North that took place during 1950s and 1960s, recounting the reasons behind and the effects this phenomenon had on Italian society.

40 min
4

Duce and America

Episode dedicated to the relations between Fascist Italy and the United States: from the initial harmony between the American democracy and the dictatorial regime, passing through the 1936 Italo-Ethiopian War and the approach to Nazi Germany, until 1940 (the date on which Italy enters World War II alongside the Axis).

40 min
5

Charlemagne

Episode dedicated to Charlemagne, historical leader and first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: from his rise to power to the relations with the Arab and Byzantine world, passing through the creation of what became the core of modern Europe.

40 min
6

Caporetto: Before the Battle

First of three episodes dedicated to the centenary of the Battle of Caporetto (1917): an analysis of how Italy and Austria-Hungary approach the clash, from the internal to the military situation on the field, passing through the reconstruction of the 1917 war events.

40 min
7

Battle Name: Lenin

Episode dedicated to Vladimir Ilic Uljanov, better known as Lenin: from his exile in Switzerland and his return home (which took place with the help of Germany), passing through the failure of the first revolutionary attempt in July 1917, until the success of the October Revolution and the first steps of what will become the Soviet Union.

40 min
8

Italian Prisoners of the Allies

Episode dedicated to the vicissitudes of Italian soldiers who were taken prisoner during World War II: the living conditions of prisoners before and after Italy's surrender, the relationship with the Badoglio Government and their difficult return home after the war.

40 min
9

Discord's Final: 1976 Davis Cup in Chile

Episode dedicated to the 1976 Davis Cup final, played in Santiago between Chile and Italy: from the tight debate on whether or not to boycott the final, in protest against the newborn Pinochet regime, to the decision to participate, marked by the Italian victory and by the "protest" of Panatta and Bertolucci's double.

40 min
10

Caporetto: the Battle

Second of the three episodes dedicated to the centenary of the Battle of Caporetto (1917): a detailed analysis of the clash, resulted in the clamorous defeat of the Italians and in their tragic fall back to the Piave river.

40 min
11

Tucci, Duce's Explorer

Episode dedicated to the figure of Giuseppe Tucci, a scholar of the East, a great connoisseur of languages and civilizations such as Indian, Tibetan or Nepalese, but also an indomitable explorer of regions that were still largely unexplored.

40 min
12

Anne Frank, a Denied Memory

Episode dedicated to the figure of Anne Frank, a young Dutch Jew who went down in history thanks to her diaries, in which she tells her life as a teenager before and during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.

40 min
13

Trotsky, the Impossible Revolution

Episode dedicated to Lev Davidovic Bronstein, better known as Trotsky: refined intellectual and theoretician of permanent revolution, father of the October Revolution, hated, fought, deported, exiled and then chased all over the world, until a hitman reaches him in Mexico.

40 min
14

Charles VIII in Italy

Episode dedicated to the Charles VIII's 1495 military campaign in Italy: from the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples to the coalition of the major and minor Italian states (helped by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Maximilian I of Habsburg), created for the purpose of defeating the French king.

40 min
15

Martin Luther, the Rebel

Episode dedicated to Martin Luther, "father" of the Protestant Reformation: from his initial studies in Germany to his growing opposition to the practice of indulgences and to the Vatican's practices of the time, culminating in the publication of the 95 theses.

40 min
16

Caporetto's Refugees

Last of the three episodes dedicated to the centenary of the Battle of Caporetto (1917): an analysis of the massive and disorganized exodus of the Italian population, after the German-Austro-Hungarian occupation of almost all Veneto, and the repercussions on the new war front on the Piave river.

40 min
17

Stalin, the Age of Terror

Episode dedicated to Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, better known as Stalin, that went down to history as one of the bloodiest dictators of the 20th century: from his youth in the seminary, passing through his rise to power in the years following Lenin's death, his contribution in transforming the USSR into a military and industrial power, the non-aggression pact with Hitler, to the post-war years of terror and gulags.

40 min
18

The Fascist Woman

Episode dedicated to women under Fascism: a status poised between dictatorship's attempt to force them to stay at home and be prolific mothers (discouraging their employment as much as possible) and the regime's drive towards a new "self-consciousness" through Fascist associationism.

40 min
19

Lawrence of Arabia, Prince of the Desert

Episode dedicated to Thomas Edward Lawrence, better known as "Lawrence of Arabia": history and myth of the British colonel, secret agent and principal architect of the Arab revolt against Ottoman domination (for the benefit of the British), who died in a motorcycle accident in May 1935.

40 min
20

Memoirs of Deportation

Episode dedicated to the reconstruction of the deportations of Jews and other prisoners during World War II: the stages through which the memory in Italy of these events was formed, starting from the Nuremberg trial to the publication of the testimonies of the survivors, first among them Primo Levi's memoirs.

40 min
21

Dunkirk: "Operation Dynamo"

Episode dedicated to the so-called "Operation Dynamo", the gigantic evacuation operation of Anglo-French troops from Dunkirk beach in the early months of World War II.

40 min
22

Pitigrilli, Writer and Spy

Episode dedicated to Dino Segre, also known as "Pitigrilli": one of Turin's most read writers who, in 1930s, became a spy for OVRA (the Fascist regime's political police), although he himself often had problems with the regime, that considered him "immoral" and his novels "not very Italian".

40 min
23

The Assembly Line

Episode dedicated to the assembly line, the innovation in the industrial production by Frederick Taylor, at the base of the incredible productivity growth of nowadays "consumer society", but also of the workers' protests against the alienation and the ever-increasing use of machines.

40 min
24

Lyndon B. Johnson

Episode dedicated to Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States: from his first political experiences, passing through the election as senator and the vice-presidency under Kennedy, until his unexpected appointment as president, his commitment to civil rights, his management of university protests and his involvement in the Vietnam War.

40 min
25

Nikita Khrushchev

Episode dedicated to Nikita Khrushchev, Secretary of the CPSU and successor of Stalin to the leadership of the USSR: from the denunciation of Stalinism, passing through the suppression of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, up to the Cuban missile crisis, after which it will be ousted and confined to a dacha until his death.

40 min
26

Giorgio La Pira, Politics and Utopia

Episode dedicated to Giorgio La Pira, politician of the Italian Republican Party and historic mayor of Florence: an important and original figure, who strove in the (somewhat utopian) attempt to contribute to overcoming historical conflicts through peaceful means.

40 min
27

Ernest Hemingway

Episode dedicated to Ernest Hemingway, one of the most important writers of the 20th century, who committed suicide at the age of 62. On the front of World War I, of the Spanish Civil War (on the side of the Republicans and against the Francoists) and of World War II, his adventurous life also filters through his very successful novels.

40 min
28

Elizabeth and Philip

Episode dedicated to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her prince consort Philip of Edinburgh: from their marriage in 1947, for which Philip renounced the succession to the thrones of Greece and Denmark, to Elisabeth's ascent to the throne in 1952, on the background of the disintegration of the former British Empire and the new role of the United Kingdom after World War II.

40 min
29

The Inquisition and the Cathars' heresy

Episode dedicated to the Cathars and the Inquisition, a special institution created by the Catholic Church to repress and counter the heretical movements that, from 12th century on, spread throughout Europe.

40 min
30

Italian Military Internees: Voices from Captivity

Episode dedicated to the "Italian Military Internees", the Italian soldiers captured by the Germans after September 8, 1943: refusing to continue fighting alongside the Nazi-fascists, they were denied the status of prisoners of war; used in the Axis war industry, abused and unable to receive help from the Red Cross, after the end of the war they were "forgotten" until 1997, when their figure was eventually rehabilitated.

40 min
31

Gaddafi

Episode dedicated to Muammar al-Gaddafi: one of the most discussed and controversial Arab leaders in history, for 42 years in command of Libya, starting with the coup d'état of September 1, 1969 (carried out at just 27 years), and at the center of countless unworkable political designs and military conflicts.

40 min
32

Women During Italy's Economic Boom

Episode dedicated to the new role of women during Italy's "Economic Boom": the effect of economic well-being and mass consumerism on the behaviours and habits of women, but also of new means of communication (television, above all) and newborns beauty contests, which promise occasions of fame and social mobility.

40 min
33

Ippolito Nievo, Between Novels and Garibaldi

Episode dedicated to Ippolito Nievo, Italian writer and patriot.

40 min
34

Pope Luciani

Episode dedicated to Pope John Paul I, who ruled as a Pontiff for only 33 days, enough to enter the hearts of the faithful, above all for his very informal style and his being far from spotlight; paradoxically, however, his sudden death will attract worldwide attention.

40 min
35

September 1943: an Army in Disarray

Episode dedicated to the Italian WWII armistice on September 8, 1943: from the negotiations started after Allied landing in Sicily, through Operation Alaric (the Nazi occupation of the Italian peninsula) and the provisions on how to react to the probable German retaliation after the armistice, which however were never officially given, leaving the Italian commands on their own without orders.

40 min
36

The Suez Canal

Episode dedicated to the Suez Canal, the pharaonic work that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea: from its construction in the 19th century until 1956, the year in which Egyptian president Nasser decided to nationalize it; this decision is followed by the so-called "Suez crisis", which marked the definitive decline of France and the United Kingdom as World powers and the escalation of the clash between Arab countries and Israel.

40 min
37

The Palazzo D'Accursio Massacre

Episode dedicated to one of the most tragic events of Italy's "red biennium" (1919-1920): the Fascist assault on Palazzo D'Accursio in Bologna on November 21, 1920, where Fascist gangs shot and bombed the crowd, killing 10 and wounding 58; the event marks the irreversible crisis of socialism in Bologna and paves the way for the so-called "black biennium (1921-1922).

40 min
38

The Holy Grail

Episode dedicated to the myth of the Holy Grail, a mythical object endowed with an extraordinary power, and even capable of bestowing immortality to those who possess it: first cited in a Chrétien de Troyes 12th-century poem, the myth had a great success throughout the Middle Ages, but returned more recently to the limelight only with Richard Wagner's Parsifal.

40 min
39

Kennedy vs Nixon

Episode dedicated to the 1960 US Presidential elections televised debates, contested between the Democratic Irish-American candidate John Fitzgerald Kennedy and the incumbent Republican Vice-president (and, to that point, likely to win) Richard Nixon: from the political differences to the novelty of the television debate, that Kennedy will be able to exploit to his full advantage.

40 min
40

Tina Anselmi, a Life For Democracy

Episode dedicated to Tina Anselmi, historical figure of Italy's Christian Democracy: from her early years as a trade unionist, through her efforts as a partisan during World War II and in her party after the war, to her appointment as Italy's first-ever female Minister in 1976.

40 min
41

Cavour's Legacy

Episode dedicated to Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and to the lesser-known aspects of his figure: from his work behind the scenes of the Italy's Risorgimento to his death by malaria (June 6, 1861), which caused a huge void in the Italian political scene; his project continued however in the following decade, with the conquest of Veneto and Rome.

40 min
42

Giotto and the Discovery of Reality

Episode dedicated to Giotto, one of the most famous and revolutionary artists in the history of art, even if his biography is often incomplete: from the fragments we know of his personal history to the most important testimonies of his work, such as the frescoes in the Basilica of Assisi and the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua.

40 min
43

Khomeini's Iran

Episode dedicated to the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the 1979 Islamic Revolution: from his opposition to Shah Reza Pahlavi's regime to the success of his Revolution, up to the 1980 hostage crisis and the 1980s war between his country and Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

40 min
44

Tambroni and the Street Demonstrations

Episode dedicated to Ferdinando Tambroni and his troubled, short-lived Government, that lasted only four months in 1960.

40 min
45

Evita Perón

Episode dedicated to Maria Eva Ibarguren, better known as Evita Perón: illegitimate daughter of the Argentine landowner Juan Duarte, she will experience throughout her life indignation in front of diversity of treatment and injustice, becoming one of the most important figures of Argentine politics, together to her husband Juan Domingo Perón.

40 min
46

The Women of Italy's Constituent Assembly

Episode dedicated to the 21 women elected to Italy's 1946 Constituent Assembly, four of whom elected in the so-called "Commission of the 75", charged with writing the republican Constitution: formal equality between men and women is thus sanctioned, the first stage of a long journey towards de facto equality.

40 min
47

The Emigrants and Marcinelle

Episode dedicated to Italian emigration to Belgium: from the agreement of June 23, 1946 (with which Italy and Belgium agree on the transfer of 50,000 Italian miners in Belgium, in exchange for 2,500 tons of coal every 1,000 miners) to the disaster of Marcinelle (August 8, 1956) in which 262 people died.

40 min
48

James of England and the Gunpowder Plot

40 min
49

When Lenin Sang with Mussolini

40 min
50

Dino Grandi, the Man Who Defeated Mussolini

40 min
51

Tunisia: Roots of the Uprising

40 min
52

Garibaldi and The Thousand

40 min
53

Italian Constitution: the Togliatti Case

40 min
54

Italo Balbo, an Inconvenient Fascist

40 min
55

The Conquest of the West

40 min
56

Qin Shi Huang, First Emperor of China

40 min
57

The 1968 Belice Earthquake

40 min
58

Emperor Hadrian

40 min
59

The Night of the Long Knives

40 min
60

The Battle of El Alamein

40 min
61

Rosie and the American Women at War

40 min
62

Arduin, King of Italy

40 min
63

Paul VI and the Rebel Priests of 1968

40 min
64

1938: the Italian Racial Laws

40 min
65

Jews Escaping From Nazism

40 min
66

Eichmann, the Extermination Accountant

40 min
67

The Battle of Actium

40 min
68

Gandhi, the Great Soul

40 min
69

Stasi, GDR's Secret Eye

40 min
70

Alba de Céspedes, the Voice of Clorinda

40 min
71

The Montesi Affair, a Political Scandal

40 min
72

Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles

40 min
73

Edda Ciano, the Duce's Daughter

40 min
74

Churchill and His King

40 min
75

The Julian-Dalmatian Tragedy: From Massacres to Exodus

40 min
76

Piave River Was Murmuring

40 min
77

Diderot, Raynal and the Slave Trade

40 min
78

Nenni and Mussolini

40 min
79

Sadat, New Egypt's Rais

40 min
80

Giacomo Lercaro, the Deposed Cardinal

40 min
81

Masaniello and the Revolt of Naples

40 min
82

The Merlin Act

40 min
83

The London Blitz

40 min
84

Margaret Thatcher, the Iron Lady

40 min
85

The Ruse of the Trojan Horse

40 min
86

Saddam Hussein

40 min
87

The America of Jazz: From New Orleans to the World

40 min
88

1968: the Battle of Valle Giulia

40 min
89

D'Annunzio, the Aesthete of Politics

40 min
90

Silvio Pellico and His Imprisonment

40 min
91

Gino Bartali, the National Righteous

40 min
92

Cinecittà, Hollywood on the Tiber River

40 min
93

Carla Lonzi and Feminism

40 min
94

Anita Garibaldi, Heroine of the Italian Risorgimento

40 min
95

1527: the Sack of Rome

40 min
96

Edward and Wallis, a Forbidden Love

40 min
97

Pope Paul VI

40 min
98

Housing in Italy's 1960s

40 min
99

Aldo Moro: the Negotiation

40 min
100

The Five Days of Milan

40 min
101

The Balfour Declaration: the Origins of Israel

40 min
102

The Trial of Giordano Bruno

40 min
103

Lenin and the Defeat of Socialism in Italy

40 min
104

The Orthodox Church

40 min
105

The Holy Sepulchre

40 min
106

The Spring Festivals

40 min
107

1968 in the Eastern Bloc

40 min
108

Martin Luther King

40 min
109

The 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis

40 min
110

Orazio Antinori and Colonial Exploration

40 min
111

Luigi Giussani, Servant of God

40 min
112

Workers between 1968 and the "Hot Autumn"

40 min
113

The Attempted Murder of Togliatti

40 min
114

The 1948 Italian General Elections

40 min
115

Roberto Ruffilli, Killed by Red Brigades

40 min
116

Louis XIV, the Sun King

40 min
117

Radios of Free Italy

40 min
118

Pope Benedict XVI

40 min
119

The Red Scare

40 min
120

Southern Italy and the Italian Unitary State

40 min
121

The 1938 Football World Championship

40 min
122

The Scouts and the Resistance

40 min
123

The Chernobyl Catastrophe

40 min
124

The Battle of Stalingrad

40 min
125

Charles Albert, the Reformer Sovereign

40 min
126

1968 in Milan

40 min
127

1938: Hitler in Italy

40 min
128

France's May 68

40 min
129

Karl Marx: Revolutionary Thinking

40 min
130

The Fall of the Western Roman Empire

40 min
131

Prague Spring and Dubcek's Socialism

40 min
132

Killing of Aldo Moro: the Day After

40 min
133

Pearl Harbour, 1941: Attack to America

40 min
134

Law 180: the Basaglia Revolution

40 min
135

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

40 min
136

Giovanni Giolitti: the Statesman

40 min
137

The Church of John Paul II

40 min
138

Guglielmo Giannini, the Ordinary Man

40 min
139

Propaganda During the Great War

40 min
140

Nero, Emperor of Rome

40 min
141

194: the Law of Discord

40 min
142

The 1992 Mafia Bombings

40 min
143

1918: the Explosion of a Factory

40 min
144

1848 and the Roman Republic

40 min