Quanta Magazine Season 2020, Episode 25: 2020's Biggest Breakthroughs in Biology

1

Scarlett Howard on the Lessons of Teaching Bees Math

Scarlett Howard describes how and why she taught honeybees math.

2

Nobel Laureate James P. Allison on the Origins of His Cancer Immunotherapy Research

James P. Allison of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center discusses what initially drew him to immunology as a field and why many scientists used to be skeptical that an immunological strategy for killing cancers would work.

3

Omololu Akin-Ojo: Doing Cutting-Edge Physics in Africa

Omololu Akin-Ojo of the East African Institute for Fundamental Research discusses his plans to invigorate theoretical physics in Africa, including by focusing on problems related to energy and water that will especially impact the continent.

4

Ronald Rivest on Building Better Elections

Ronald Rivest of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describes the role of computers in voting and what makes elections trustworthy.

5

Pincelli Hull Explains What Killed Off the Dinosaurs

Evidence from the oceans decisively shows that an asteroid strike caused the last mass extinction, argues Pincelli Hull. The cataclysm continues to hold lessons for today.

6

Epidemiologist Tara Smith Answers Your Coronavirus Questions

Dr. Tara C. Smith is an infectious disease epidemiologist and contributing columnist for Quanta Magazine. In two recent columns for Quanta, Dr. Smith explored the animal origins of the novel coronavirus and explained how prior knowledge about other coronaviruses may help answer questions about the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 1, 2020, she answered questions live on Quanta's YouTube channel.

7

Epidemiologist Tara Smith Answers Your Coronavirus Questions [Highlights]

Dr. Tara C. Smith is an infectious disease epidemiologist and contributing columnist for Quanta Magazine. In two recent columns for Quanta, Dr. Smith explored the animal origins of the novel coronavirus and explained how prior knowledge about other coronaviruses may help answer questions about the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 1, 2020, she answered questions live on Quanta's YouTube channel.

8

Katie Mack Knows How It’s All Going to End

Katie Mack describes the most likely scenario for the end of the universe.

9

James Maynard Solves the Hardest Easy Math Problems

James Maynard talks about why he’s obsessed with prime numbers.

10

Liz MacDonald on Strange Auroras

Space weather scientist Liz MacDonald studies unique atmospheric phenomena such as the aurora called STEVE.

11

Impossible Life Under the Ice—on Earth and Beyond

The microbial ecologist John Priscu of Montana State University discusses what led him to seek life beneath the barren, frozen wastes of Antarctica — and how his discoveries there are shaping the search for life on other worlds.

12

'Gravity Is the Law That Makes Everything Happen'

The theoretical physicist Claudia de Rham explains why gravity is so fundamental to our understanding of everything in the universe.

13

Emily Riehl: Mathematician, Musician, Educator

Emily Riehl talks about how higher category theory is like the viola, why she's drawn to expository writing, and the responsibility mathematicians have to address social justice issues.

14

The Woman Who's Rewriting Higher Category Theory

By turning higher category theory on itself, Emily Riehl hopes to make the powerful perspective more accessible to other mathematicians.

15

Urban Traffic and Complex Systems

Carlos Gershenson, a computer scientist and complexity researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, answers questions about how principles of adaptation and self-organization can help transportation systems beat traffic jams and other urban mobility problems.

16

Cracking the Puzzle of Biodiversity

MIT physicist Jeff Gore tests theories about microbe communities experimentally and finds new rules governing ecological stability.

17

The Bold Quest to Launch the Internet in Space

Vint Cerf is one of the fathers of the internet. Decades ago, he and Robert Kahn developed the architecture and protocol suite known as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Anyone who has ever surfed the web, sent an email, or downloaded an app has them to thank. Now, Cerf wants to boldly go where no internet has gone before. He's designing an interplanetary internet. But extending the internet to space isn’t just a matter of installing Wi-Fi on rockets. Scientists have novel obstacles to contend with. In this new video, Cerf discusses how an internet in space.

18

The Extraordinary Math Hidden in Everyday Life

L. Mahadevan is a professor of applied mathematics, physics, and organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard University. He uses mathematics and physics to explore commonplace phenomena, showing that many of the objects and behaviors we take for granted, and consequently give little thought to, are quite extraordinary upon closer examination.

19

The Cosmologist Who Dreams of Dark Matter

Cora Dvorkin studies the invisible universe. Known as dark matter, it is thought to comprise roughly 85% of all matter in the universe. So far, no researcher has been able to directly detect it. But that only further excites Dvorkin, who is on a quest to uncover its secrets.

20

Inside Dynamical Systems and the Mathematics of Change

Bryna Kra searches for structures using symbolic dynamics. “[I love] finding order where you didn’t know it existed,” she said. "This is how I think about math: It’s about how things fit together."

21

How to Shrink Big Data

Jelani Nelson, a computer scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, expands the theoretical possibilities for low-memory streaming algorithms. He’s discovered the best procedures for answering on-the-fly questions like “How many different users are there?” (known as the distinct elements problem) and “What are the trending search terms right now?” (the frequent items problem). Nelson’s algorithms often use a technique called sketching, which compresses big data sets into smaller components that can be stored using less memory and analyzed quickly.

22

The 'Male' and 'Female' Brain: New Clues in an Age-Old Question

Questions like “why do men and women act differently?” are age-old, with tangled, deeply buried answers. But that is why Catherine Dulac, a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator and a professor of molecular and cellular biology at Harvard University, has become so well respected by her neuroscientist colleagues for the originality and creativity with which she has brought important answers to light.

23

2020's Biggest Breakthroughs in Physics

This year, two teams of physicists made profound progress on ideas that could bring about the next revolution in physics. Another still has identified the source of a longstanding cosmic mystery.

24

2020's Biggest Breakthroughs in Math and Computer Science

For mathematicians and computer scientists, 2020 was full of discipline-spanning discoveries and celebrations of creativity. We'd like to take a moment to recognize some of these achievements.

25

2020's Biggest Breakthroughs in Biology

In 2020, the study of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was undoubtedly the most urgent priority. But there were also some major breakthroughs in other areas. We'd like to take a moment to recognize them.